- Measurements of vertical and horizontal solid-earth deformation at mm/yr accuracy, providing first comprehensive view of bedrock motions across polar regions.
- Prediction of mass fluxes of polar ice sheets, improved models of glacial isostatic adjustment, and better modeling and prediction of sea-level change.
- First tests of glacial isostatic adjustment models for the Antarctic interior.
- Integration of geodetic observations with complementary seismic imaging studies.
- First higher-resolution continental-scale seismic images of the structure and characteristics of the deep earth beneath polar regions.
- Understanding crustal and mantle dynamics that cause earthquakes and volcanoes, including the nature of links with ice-mass change.
- Improved understanding of the Earth’s inner core.
- Improved understanding of secular variation of Earth’s magnetic field, and core structure and dynamics, including quantification of rapid field decrease that may signal a reversal of the Earth’s field.
- Establish a framework for ongoing international geophysical observation networks.